Increased yield performance of mutation induced Soybean genotypes at varied agro-ecological conditions

Abstract In soybean breeding program, continuous selection pressure on traits response to yield created a genetic bottleneck for improvements of soybean through hybridization breeding technique. Therefore an initiative was taken to developed high yielding soybean variety applying mutation breeding techniques at Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Bangladesh. Locally available popular cultivar BARI Soybean-5 was used as a parent material and subjected to five different doses of Gamma ray using Co60. In respect to seed yield and yield attributing characters, twelve true breed mutants were selected from M4 generation. High values of heritability and genetic advance with high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) for plant height, branch number and pod number were considered as favorable attributes for soybean improvement that ensure expected yield. The mutant SBM-18 obtained from 250Gy provided stable yield performance at diversified environments. It provided maximum seed yield of 3056 kg ha-1 with highest number of pods plant-1 (56). The National Seed Board of Bangladesh (NSB) eventually approved SBM-18 and registered it as a new soybean variety named Binasoybean-5 for large-scale planting because of its superior stability in various agro-ecological zones and consistent yield performance.

Resumo No programa de melhoramento da soja, a pressão pela seleção contínua para a resposta das características de rendimento criou um gargalo genético para melhorias da soja por meio da técnica de melhoramento por hibridação. Portanto, foi desenvolvida uma variedade de soja de alto rendimento, aplicando técnicas de reprodução por mutação, na Divisão de Melhoramento de Plantas, no Instituto de Agricultura Nuclear de Bangladesh (BINA), em Bangladesh. A cultivar popular BARI Soybean-5, disponível localmente, foi usada como material original e submetida a cinco doses diferentes de raios gama usando Co60. Em relação ao rendimento de sementes e às características de atribuição de rendimento, 12 mutantes genuínos foram selecionados a partir da geração M4. Altos valores de herdabilidade e avanço genético com alto coeficiente de variância genotípico (GCV) para altura da planta, número de ramos e número de vagens foram considerados atributos favoráveis ao melhoramento da soja, garantindo, assim, a produtividade esperada. O mutante SBM-18, obtido a partir de 250Gy, proporcionou desempenho de rendimento estável em ambientes diversificados e produtividade máxima de sementes de 3.056 kg ha-1 com o maior número de vagens planta-1 (56). O Conselho Nacional de Sementes de Bangladesh (NSB) finalmente aprovou o SBM-18 e o registrou como uma nova variedade de soja, chamada Binasoybean-5, para plantio em larga escala por causa de sua estabilidade superior em várias zonas agroecológicas e desempenho de rendimento consistente.

Increased yield performance of mutation induced Soybean genotypes at varied agro-ecological conditions / Aumento no desempenho de rendimento de genótipos de soja induzidos por mutação em condições agroecológicas variadas

Abstract In soybean breeding program, continuous selection pressure on traits response to yield created a genetic bottleneck for improvements of soybean through hybridization breeding technique. Therefore an initiative was taken to developed high yielding soybean variety applying mutation breeding techniques at Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Bangladesh. Locally available popular cultivar BARI Soybean-5 was used as a parent material and subjected to five different doses of Gamma ray using Co60. In respect to seed yield and yield attributing characters, twelve true breed mutants were selected from M4 generation. High values of heritability and genetic advance with high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) for plant height, branch number and pod number were considered as favorable attributes for soybean improvement that ensure expected yield. The mutant SBM-18 obtained from 250Gy provided stable yield performance at diversified environments. It provided maximum seed yield of 3056 kg ha-1 with highest number of pods plant-1 (56). The National Seed Board of Bangladesh (NSB) eventually approved SBM-18 and registered it as a new soybean variety named 'Binasoybean-5' for large-scale planting because of its superior stability in various agro-ecological zones and consistent yield performance.

Resumo No programa de melhoramento da soja, a pressão pela seleção contínua para a resposta das características de rendimento criou um gargalo genético para melhorias da soja por meio da técnica de melhoramento por hibridação. Portanto, foi desenvolvida uma variedade de soja de alto rendimento, aplicando técnicas de reprodução por mutação, na Divisão de Melhoramento de Plantas, no Instituto de Agricultura Nuclear de Bangladesh (BINA), em Bangladesh. A cultivar popular BARI Soybean-5, disponível localmente, foi usada como material original e submetida a cinco doses diferentes de raios gama usando Co60. Em relação ao rendimento de sementes e às características de atribuição de rendimento, 12 mutantes genuínos foram selecionados a partir da geração M4. Altos valores de herdabilidade e avanço genético com alto coeficiente de variância genotípico (GCV) para altura da planta, número de ramos e número de vagens foram considerados atributos favoráveis ​​ao melhoramento da soja, garantindo, assim, a produtividade esperada. O mutante SBM-18, obtido a partir de 250Gy, proporcionou desempenho de rendimento estável em ambientes diversificados e produtividade máxima de sementes de 3.056 kg ha-1 com o maior número de vagens planta-1 (56). O Conselho Nacional de Sementes de Bangladesh (NSB) finalmente aprovou o SBM-18 e o registrou como uma nova variedade de soja, chamada 'Binasoybean-5', para plantio em larga escala por causa de sua estabilidade superior em várias zonas agroecológicas e desempenho de rendimento consistente.

Clinical Profile of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Tertiary Level Hospital.

Background- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetically transmitted disease with diverse natural history for which the potential to produce adverse consequences has been emphasized. However, the possibility of this disease remaining clinically dormant for many years has not been as widely appreciated. Certainly, the clinical recognition of previously undiagnosed patients with HCM may be advantageous by permitting risk stratification for sudden cardiac death or for timely pharmacologic therapy when symptoms intervene. The purpose of this study was to assess the disease pattern and the extent to which hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) exists undetected in a suspected group of population never diagnosed to have any cardiovascular disease, referred from the primary care facilities to one of the largest tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh. Methods-We prospectively conducted an echocardiographic survey in 3648 cases between 19-03-2009 to 03-08-2010 (18 months) in the cardiac centre of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results- A total of 3648 cases referred by primary care physicians underwent echocardiogram either to confirm a new diagnosis or to exclude obvious cardiovascular abnormalities. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was identified in 148 patients (4.06%) who was not known have any cardiac disease before. At diagnosis, age ranged from 20 to 83 years (mean 52.19) with male gender preponderance (85.81%). Ninety eight patients (67%) had no functional limitation and the remaining fifty patients reported with symptoms mostly giving multiple responses like chest pain (39.2%), palpitation (18.9%), dyspnoea (22.3%), unusual fatigability (16.9%) and syncope (6.8%). Twelve patients had strong suspicion of familial predisposition depending on the symptomatology of the familial tree but were confirmed only in 03 cases by echocardiography. Basal left ventricular outflow obstruction (gradients 20 to 76 mm Hg) was evident in 14 patients (9.45%). Relatively variable phenotypic expression of the disease was substantiated by diffuse thickening of left ventricular wall occurring more commonly than localized distributed hypertrophy (56.08% vs. 43.94%, respectively). Electrocardiogram was abnormal in almost 95% of cases and typical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 25.68% cases. Conclusion -This prospectively assembled data show that HCM cases may remain asymptomatic, clinically dormant and undetectable for many years (often to advance ages) in our community. The actual prevalence of the disease in our community needs to be ascertained which might exceed the prevalence mentioned in the text books.

Serum and hair zinc in severely malnourished Bangladeshi children associated with or without acute lower respiratory infection.

Objective. To assess the zinc status in Bangladeshi children suffering from severe protein energy malnutrition (severe PEM), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), PEM presented with ALRI and to evaluate the relationship of zinc status with aforementioned clinical conditions. Methods. We assessed zinc status by simultaneous estimation of serum and hair zinc of Bangladeshi children less than 5 yr of age suffering from severe PEM, ALRI, severe PEM presented with ALRI and compared them with zinc status of wellnourished healthy children (control) in a hospital based cross sectional four cell study. Zinc concentration was estimated by Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. The number of children enrolled in severe PEM, ALRI, ALRI with PEM and control were 47, 35, 32 and 38 respectively (total number 152). Both serum and hair zinc in univariate analysis were found significantly (p<0.05) low in severe PEM, ALRI and severe PEM associated with ALRI. However, in multivariate analysis, when serum and hair zinc were included in the same model, both serum and hair zinc were found to have significant negative association with PEM (p=0.002 & 0.013 respectively) and with ALRI only when ALRI was associated with PEM (p=0.043 and 0.034 respectively). Conclusion. Severe PEM and PEM with ALRI were significantly associated with low zinc status.

Presence of neutral fat in stool and its association with aetiology and presenting features of diarrhoea in children.

Enteric infections, impaired digestion, loss of villous cells, and poor absorption of fat may lead to presence of neutral fat in stool, particularly in children with diarrhoea. We aimed to examine the association between presence of neutral fat in stool and aetiology of diarrhoea and nutritional status of the patients at different age groups. A total of 13,171 patients aged 5 days-106 years enrolled in the Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System of the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B during 1996-2001 were studied. Presence of neutral fat in faecal specimens, aetiology of diarrhoea, and nutritional status in children below 5 years of age were determined and analysed. Of the total study individuals, 7,671 (58%) had neutral fat in their faecal specimens. Neutral fat was more frequently present in faeces of individuals infected with rotavirus in all age groups or in enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection in children 0-23 months old while compared with those who did not have these infections (p=0.005, p=0.014, respectively). Neutral fat was less frequently (p<0.001) present in malnourished 0-23 months old children. Presence of neutral fat in the stool in diarrhoea due to rotavirus and in young childhood ETEC diarrhoea signifies compromised gastrointestinal function due to these infections. The mechanism of persistence of neutral fat in the stool of such patients, and its nutritional and clinical implications require further studies.

Zinc status in well nourished Bangladeshi children suffering from acute lower respiratory infection.

This study was done to investigate the association of zinc status of well nourished Bangladeshi children with Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI). In this case control study, simultaneous estimation of serum and hair zinc was performed in 35 well nourished children, aged 6-60 months suffering from ALRI and 38 normal matched controls. Serum zinc was low in children suffering from ALRI as compared to control (90 +/- 51 pg/dL vs 176 +/- 98 pg/dL, OR: 6, 95% CI: 1.83, 19.66;P <0.05) children. Hair zinc was also found significantly low in children suffering from ALRI as compared to control (158 + 48 1g/g vs 247 154 pg/g, OR: 3, 95% CI: 1.46, 10.04, P < 0.05). We conclude that Bangladeshi children suffering from pneumonia, have decreased levels of serum and hair zinc.

Energy intake and expenditure of obese and non-obese urban Bangladeshi children.

A case control study was conducted in Dhaka city to measure the energy intake and expenditure among 220 obese children of 4-10 years age group and 220 randomly selected age and sex matched controls. A 24 hour dietary recall was used to assess the energy intake. Data on energy expenditure was obtained by 24 hour physical activity recall. The mean energy intake of obese children (2056 +/- 751 kcal/d) was found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to the non obese (1508 +/- 529 kcal/d). No sex difference was found in both obese and non obese groups. Mean energy expenditure of the obese children (1868 +/- 313 kcal/d vs 1495 +/- 200 kcal/d) was significantly higher than the non-obese (P<0.001). Of the obese, boys expended more energy than the girls (P=0.01). Furthermore, physical activity level (1.40 +/- 0.09 vs 1.35 +/- 0.14) was significantly higher among the non obese than their obese counterpart (P<0.001). However, energy balance was significantly higher among the obese (P<0.001). Dose response of energy balance shows the estimated relative risk of obesity increases with higher level of energy balance (P<0.001). The findings of this study revealed that energy balance as a result of higher energy intake and lower energy expenditure was one of the important risk factors for the development of obesity among the children of Dhaka city. Thus, appropriate interventions like behavioural change regarding food habits and physical activities are recommended.

Gall stone: a rare cause of acute abdomen in a seven years old girl.

Jamila Khatun a seven years old girl from Shurjunagar, Rajbari, presented with acute pain in the right side of her abdomen. Blood test was normal except mild elevation of serum bilirubin. Chest X-ray reveals no fluid level & no gas under the dome of diaphragm. Ultrasonogram of the abdomen reveled multiple stone in the gallbladder.

Orientación sobre la lactancia materna en un hospital para enfermedades diarréicas / Breast-feeding counseling in a diarrhoeal disease hospital

Se adiestró a consejeras en materia de lactancia materna para que dieran asesoramiento a las madres de lactantes parcialmente amamantados y hospitalizados por diarrea, con el fin de lograr que las madres iniciaran la lactancia materna exclusiva durante su permanencia en el hospital. Se asignó de forma aleatoria a lactantes (n = 250) de 12 meses de edad o menos a un grupo de intervención y a un grupo testigo. Las madres del grupo de intervención fueron asesoradas individualmente por las consejeras, mientras que las madres del grupo testigo recibieron solo la educación sanitaria impartida en grupo rutinariamente. Durante el seguimiento que hicieron las consejeras en el hogar una semana más tarde, solo las madres del grupo de intervención fueron asesoradas. A las 2 semanas de su egreso, todas las madres fueron evaluadas en términos de sus prácticas de amamantamiento en el hogar. En cuanto a los 125 pares de madres e hijos que había en cada grupo, 60% de las madres del grupo de intervención alimentaban a sus hijos al pecho exclusivamente en el momento del egreso, en comparación con solo 6% de las madres del grupo testigo (P < 0,001); 2 semanas más tarde, estos porcentajes subieron a 75 y 8 en el grupo de intervención y en el grupo testigo, respectivamente (P < 0,001). Sin embargo, 49% de las madres del grupo testigo volvieron a alimentar a sus hijos con biberón, en comparación con 12% de las madres del grupo de intervención (P < 0,001). Por consiguiente, la orientación individual tuvo un efecto favorable en las madres, ya que hizo que iniciaran la lactancia materna exclusiva durante la hospitalización y que la siguieran practicando en el hogar. Los centros de salud maternoinfantil deben incluir la orientación sobre lactancia materna como parte integral de sus programas para mejorar las prácticas de alimentación de los lactantes.

Lactation counsellors were trained to advise mothers of partially breast-fed infants who were admitted to hospital because of diarrhoea, so that they could start exclusive breast-feeding during their hospital stay. Infants (n = 250) up to 12 weeks of age were randomized to intervention and control groups. Mothers in the intervention group were individually advised by the counsellors while mothers in the control group received only routine group health education. During follow-up at home by the counsellors a week later, only the mothers in the intervention group were counselled. All the mothers were evaluated for infant feeding practices at home two weeks after discharge. Among the 125 mother­infant pairs in each group, 60% of mothers in the intervention group were breast-feeding exclusively at discharge compared with only 6% in the control group (P < 0.001); two weeks later, these rates rose to 75% and 8% in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). However, 49% of mothers in the control group reverted back to bottle-feeding compared with 12% in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Thus, individual counselling had a positive impact on mothers to start exclusive breast-feeding during hospitalization and to continue the practice at home. Maternal and child health facilities should include lactation counselling as an integral part of their programmes to improve infant feeding practices.

Effect of retraining on nutrition among tribal women volunteers in Bangladesh.

Training programme on Nutrition was carried out on 42 tribal women nutrition volunteers from Rangamati, Khagrachari and Banderban districts of Chittagong Hill Tracts during July 1987 to June 1988. There were a basic training for 10 days and five retrainings of 6 days on the same group. Assessments on the level of their knowledge before and after each training were conducted by a standard questionnaire. Mean score obtained by the trainees initially was 46.28% which increased to 97.23% in the last round. Although the knowledge gain was found statistically significant in each retraining but the retention of knowledge in pre-test of each retraining was found statistically significant (P less than 0.001) upto second round (i.e. 1st retraining) and thereafter the retention was found insignificant (P greater than 0.05).